الدرس الخامس ... الفاصلة العليا ( apostrophe ' )

Apostrophes (  ‘ )   ======  الفواصل العليا

Apostrophes do two really important jobs. Firstly, they help to tell us when one thing is owned by another.

الفواصل العليا لها وظيفتان هامتان في اللغة الانكليزية . فهي اولا تخبرنا ان احد الاشياء هو مملوك بواسطة شيء اخر

امثلة

Examples:

The boy's bicycle

دراجة الطفل

The child's toy

Tom Jones's song

……………………………………………………………………………..

Secondly, they tell us when something has been contracted; made shorter.

ثانيا : تخبرنا ان شيئا تم كتابته مختصرا

Examples:

You're very upset.

Won't he come with me?

Don't talk to me! ..................................................................................................................................................

 2 - Apostrophes with singular and plural

   الفواصل العليا مع الاسماء المفردة والمجموعة

Singular nouns

الاسماء المفردة

With singular nouns the rule is to add an apostrophe plus an 's'.

في حالة الاسماء المفردة فان القاعدة هي اضافة فاصلة عليا ثم حرف   

S      اي اضافة

‘S   

Examples:

امثلة

the mother's bad temper

the dog's bone

Singular nouns ending in 's'

الاسماء المفردة المنتهية بالحرف

S

In the past, with singular nouns that end in 's', an apostrophe and an 's' was always added. Today it is acceptable to have only the apostrophe after the 's'.

في الماضي فان الاسماء المفردة المنتهية بالحرف S من كان يضاف اليها على الدوام فاصلة عليا مع الحرف S اي ‘S اما  اليوم  فانه من المقبول ان تضيف الفاصلة العليا فقط بعد الاسم المفرد المنتهي بالحرف S

Examples:

امثلة

The class's textbooks or The class' textbooks

Peter Davis's CDs or Peter Davis' CDs

Plural nouns

الاسماء المجموعة

With plural nouns only an apostrophe is required.

في حالة الاسماء المجموعة فانه المطلوب هو اضافة الفاصلة العليا فقط

Examples:

امثلة

two weeks' pay

the girls' books

..........................................................................................................................................

 

الدرس الثالث lesson3 ... ( الفاصلة المنقوطة, semicolons )

*3 Semicolons   ===== الفاصلة المنقوطة 

 

 1 - Some words that we write need a stronger pause before them than that provided by a comma. Examples of these types of words are: however, therefore, also, moreover, furthermore, hence, subsequently and consequently. بعض الكلمات التي نكتبها تحتاج ان نقف قبلها وقوفا اطول من الذي نفعله عند استخدام الفاصلة .  وكمثال على هذا النوع من الكلمات يوجد   however, therefore, also, moreover, furthermore, hence, subsequently and consequently.

Further examples showing semicolon usage: وهذه امثلة اضافية توضح طريقة استخدام الفاصلة المنقوطة 

1) She is a wonderful chef; therefore we must consider her for the job.

2) He loves camping; furthermore he can afford to go on the trip.

3) I love English; hence I've decided to study Literature at university.

In the above examples the words 'therefore', 'furthermore' and 'hence' need to remain strong in the sentences. They need a strong pause before them and this is done through the use of the semicolon.

'therefore', 'furthermore' and 'hence' في الامثلة السابقة فان الكلمات تحتاج الى وقوف قوي قبلها وهذا يتاتى عبر استخدام الفاصلة المنقوطة

exam اختبار املاء النص التالي بالفواصل اللازمة 

20th September 2000

Dear Gary,

Thanks for your letter of the 12th September.

As I see it, we can do one of three things:  we can postpone the school fete, and hope for better weather have the school fete on the original date, but hold it in the school hall or combine the school fete with the mid-term play.

I don’t think the first option is practical or financially possible as we rely on the profits from the fete to assist with general operation expenses the second option would mean we would not be able to hold such activities as the pony rides, or water bombing the teachers always a popular event. All things considered, I think it is best to combine the school play and fete and make it one huge fundraising event.

Gary, I look forward to hearing your suggestions.

Yours sincerely,

Malcolm Millsom

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correct answer

الجواب الصحيح

20th September 2000

Dear Gary,

Thanks for your letter of the 12th September.

As I see it, we do one of three things:  we can postpone the school fete, and hope for better weather; have the school fete on the original date, but hold it in the school hall; or combine the school fete with the mid-term play.

I don’t think the first option is practical or financially possible as we rely on the profits from the fete to assist with general operation expenses; the second option would mean we would not be able to hold such activities as the pony rides, or water bombing the teachers; always a popular event. All things considered, I think it is best to combine the school play and fete; make it one huge fundraising event.

Gary, I look forward to hearing your suggestions.

Yours sincerely,

Malcolm Millsom

الدرس الثاني (commas . الفواصل )

 

*2 - commas  ====== الفواصل

1 - Commas are used to separate words, phrases or clauses. They are used to indicate a short pause.

تستخدم الفواصل لفصل الكلمات و العبارات او البنود. وهي تستخدم للاشارة الى افضلية القيام بوقفة قصيرة اثناء الكلام 

 2 - Commas act as pauses and they can be used to separate independent statements which are linked by: 

for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.

  we must add it before them.

يجب فهم الفواصل على انها فواصل زمنية ووقفات ومن الممكن ان تستخدم لفصل العبارات المستقلة المرتبطة بواسطة : for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so. يجب اضافة الفاصلة قبل هذه الكلمات .

Now read these examples and consider how commas are used to separate different parts of the sentences:

و الان اقراء الامثلة التالية و تفكر كيف استخدمة الفواصل لفصل المقاطع المختلفة من الجملة 

Jenny said she would buy me the tickets, but she hasn't shown them to me at all.

I am buying a new car, but l won't pick it up for another month.

I am going to the party, so l don't expect to come home before midnight!

I have never read Shakespeare, nor has my friend Emma.

She picked the whole crate up in one go, for she is an athlete and l am not.

Would you like some cake, or would you prefer fruit?

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